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Showing posts with label immigrants. Show all posts
Showing posts with label immigrants. Show all posts
Saturday, 8 June 2013
An educational portrait of postsecondary educated immigrants, 2006 Census
Li Xue and Li Xu
September 2010
This study is the first part of a three part project using the 2006 Census micro data to examine interplaying associations between labour market outcomes and educational characteristics among postsecondary educated (PSE) immigrants.
The views and opinions expressed in this document are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of Citizenship and Immigration Canada or the Government of Canada.
Acknowledgement:
The authors wish to acknowledge and thank Eden Crossman, Research and Evaluation Branch for her significant contribution to the final report.
Copies of the full report are available upon request to Research-Recherche@cic.gc.ca.
Drawing upon the newly available information captured in the 2006 Census, this study looks at statistical variations in country of highest educational attainment and field of study among postsecondary educated (PSE) immigrants. This paper examines the following research question: What is the picture of postsecondary degree holders in terms of field of study and place of the highest degree among various immigrant groups? The study is comprised of two main sections – first, a comparison of immigrant and Canadian-born demographic and educational profiles, and second, an examination of highest level of educational attainment, location and field of study of PSE immigrants. What follows are selected highlights from the results of this analysis.
Of the 4,076,705 immigrants enumerated in the 2006 Census between the ages of 25 and 64 years, 70% were established immigrants (those who had been in Canada for more than 10 years), 14% were recent immigrants (those who landed in Canada during 1996-2000), and 17% were very recent immigrants (those who landed in Canada after 2000).
Compared to the Canadian-born population, immigrants had a higher share of females and were older. While older individuals aged 55-64 were over represented among established immigrants, recent immigrants and very recent immigrants were much younger than the Canadian-born and established immigrants.
Overall, nearly two thirds of working-age (25-64 years) immigrants (65%) had a postsecondary diploma or degree, 6 percentage points higher than their Canadian-born counterparts. Immigrants were more likely than the Canadian-born to have a bachelor’s degree or university certificate or diploma above the bachelor level as their highest educational attainment. The concentration in higher education is more obvious for recent cohorts.
While the vast majority (98%) of the Canadian-born obtained their highest degree or diploma in Canada, nearly half of PSE immigrants also had a Canadian degree (47%). However, this proportion decreased significantly for recent arrivals.
The United States was one of the most popular countries of study for both immigrants and the Canadian-born.
About one in five PSE immigrants studied business, management, marketing and related support services (21%), comparable to the ratio among their Canadian-born counterparts (20%). Driven by recent and very recent immigrants, engineering followed as the second most popular field of study among immigrants (12%) – for the Canadian born, the rate was less than 3%. Computer and information sciences and support services was also favoured by immigrants as a field of study (5%), compared to 3% for the Canadian-born. In contrast, people who studied education were under represented among immigrants (5%), compared to 8% among the Canadian-born population.
Nearly half (48.7%) of PSE immigrants had a bachelor’s degree or university certificate or diploma above the bachelor level as their highest educational attainment. Younger age groups were more likely to have university degrees. The overall gender makeup of all PSE immigrants was balanced; however, male immigrants were overrepresented relative to females among the higher educational levels.
The percentages with university degrees were highest among immigrants from Pakistan, Russia, China and South Korea and lowest among those from Sri Lanka, the United Kingdom, Poland and the Philippines. Educational attainment was much higher among recent and very recent cohorts compared to established immigrants.
Business, management, marketing and related support service was the top postsecondary field of study for immigrants from most main source countries. The postsecondary fields were more concentrated in natural and applied sciences including engineering and computer sciences among immigrants from the current leading source countries. For immigrants from Romania, Russia, China and Iran, engineering was the most common field of study. For immigrants from the Philippines, the percentage in the field of health professions and related sciences was double that of the average
More than half of PSE immigrants attained their highest level of education in their country of birth. A significant proportion of recent and very recent immigrants obtained their highest degree in the leading source countries, e.g. China, India, and the Philippines. The shifts in countries of highest educational attainment across immigrant cohorts reflect the compositional changes in source country during the last two decades. Sizable proportions of non-US born PSE immigrants received their highest level of education in the United States.
This paper takes advantage of the first available information on location of highest education in the 2006 Census to draw a detailed educational portrait of postsecondary educated (PSE) immigrants. This study is the first part of a three part project using the 2006 Census micro data to examine interplaying associations between labour market outcomes and educational characteristics among PSE immigrants. It is mainly descriptive. The second part of this project will explore employment and occupational outcomes by educational characteristics, the main focus being on the transferability of foreign degrees by field of study and country of highest post secondary degrees. A third investigation using multivariate analyses will separate out independent effects of country of study and field of study on occupational outcomes and earnings, controlling for other socio-demographic factors.
Employment outcomes of postsecondary educated immigrants, 2006 Census
Li Xue and Li Xu
September 2010
In the first part of this project we looked at statistical variations in country of highest educational attainment and field of study among postsecondary educated (PSE) immigrants. The overall goal of this second paper was to explore employment and occupational outcomes by educational characteristics, the main focus being on the immediately observable ‘transferability’ of foreign degrees by field of study and country of highest post secondary degrees – that is, transferability, or a “match”, refers to shares of PSE immigrants working in skilled occupations, and occupations related to their education. This paper takes advantage of the first available information on location of the highest education in the 2006 Census.
The views and opinions expressed in this document are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of Citizenship and Immigration Canada or the Government of Canada.
Acknowledgement:
The authors wish to acknowledge and thank Eden Crossman, Research and Evaluation Branch for her significant contribution to the final report.
Copies of the full report are available upon request to Research-Recherche@cic.gc.ca.
This study is the second part of a three part project using the 2006 Census micro data to examine interplaying associations between labour market outcomes and educational characteristics among PSE immigrants. It’s mainly descriptive. The first part of this project drew a detailed educational portrait of postsecondary educated (PSE) immigrants. In this second part, we are exploring occupational skill level outcomes in relation to highest level of educational attainment, field of study, and location of study (including a focus on selected major fields of study). The goal is to explore, using descriptive statistics, employment and occupational outcomes by educational characteristics, the main focus being on the immediately observable ‘transferability’ of foreign degrees by field of study and country of highest post secondary degrees – that is, transferability, or a “match”, refers to shares of PSE immigrants working in skilled occupations (National Occupational Classification 2006 levels O, A, and B), and occupations related to their education.
Drawing upon the newly available information captured in the 2006 Census, this study explores how differences in immigrant employment and occupational outcomes relate to the country of highest educational attainment and different fields of study. The paper examines the following research questions: Do country of education and field of study matter in the Canadian labour market? How do observed labour market statistics of immigrants vary by field of study and place of the highest degree? Are labour market outcomes different for those immigrant workers who have degrees from countries having educational systems similar to the Canadian one, compared to those who do not? Are immigrant groups with degrees in certain fields of study, or from certain countries, more likely to be employed and work in certain occupations than others? Are there any inter-country and inter-field differences in occupational outcomes of immigrants? The study is comprised of two main sections – first, an examination of educational characteristics and labour force statistics of PSE immigrants, and second, an exploration of occupational skill level outcomes in relation to highest level of educational attainment, field of study, and location of study (including a focus on selected major fields of study). What follows are selected highlights from the results of this analysis:
Immigrant labour force statistics vary with level of educational attainment. As one example, immigrants holding a bachelor’s or a master’s degree had slightly higher unemployment rates than that of all PSE immigrants.
Labour force statistics also differ by field of study. Immigrants who studied engineering, computer and information sciences and support services, and engineering technologies/technicians, outperformed other immigrants in terms of higher-than-average participation and employment rates, or lower-than-average unemployment rates. In contrast, immigrants in the fields of education and liberal arts and sciences, and general studies and humanities faced more challenges finding employment.
PSE immigrants also showed varied labour market outcomes by country of study. Those who obtained their highest degree in Canada had better performance in 2006 in terms of a higher employment rate and a lower unemployment rate than many other main countries of study, close to the corresponding rates among their Canadian-born counterparts.
Immigrants who obtained their highest degree in the Philippines, the United States, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, or Poland exhibited similar labour market outcomes as those studying in Canada, with relatively higher employment rates and lower unemployment rates. In contrast, immigrants who received their highest education in Pakistan, Iran and China did particularly poorly, with relatively higher unemployment rates.
Overall, immigrants who had been in Canada for a longer time outperformed in the labour market their counterparts who had been in Canada for a shorter period. The labour market advantage of a Canadian diploma or degree over foreign degrees seems more apparent for established immigrants than for recent and very recent immigrants.
Skill level of occupation and highest level of educational attainment
While an occupation-education “mismatch” is found to exist for all immigrant cohorts (e.g., the term “match” being used here to refer to shares of PSE immigrants working in skilled occupations and occupations related to their education), those immigrants who had been in Canada for a longer time outperformed their counterparts who had been in Canada for a shorter period, for almost all major fields of study. Very recent and recent immigrants showed weaker occupation-education “match” rates in comparison with established immigrants. The occupation-education match rate increased among PSE immigrants with higher levels of educational attainment.Skill level of occupation and field of study
Occupational skill level distribution patterns of PSE immigrants varied substantially across fields of study. Of all immigrant postsecondary graduates who had worked during 2005 and 2006, those who held degrees in biological and biomedical sciences had the highest proportion working in skilled occupations (National Occupational Classification 2006 levels O, A and B) (77.8%), followed by those in physical sciences (76.5%), engineering (75.5%), psychology (74%), construction trades (73.1%) and computer and information sciences and support services (72.1%). Regardless of which major field they had studied in, immigrants with a Canadian postsecondary degree had better chances to work in occupations commensurate with their educational level and field of study. This advantage is more apparent in the fields of study of business and management, marketing and related support services, social sciences and education.Skill level of occupation and location of study
Significant disparities in employment and occupational outcomes across countries of study and fields of study imply that transferability of degrees or credentials obtained in other countries varies. Overall, immigrants with a Canadian postsecondary degree had better chances to find employment, and to work in occupations commensurate with their educational level and field of study. This advantage is more apparent in the fields of business and management, marketing and related support services, social sciences and education.Relatively more positive prospects are also found for immigrants with degrees from the U.S., the U.K. and France, and those in particular fields of study such as engineering and computer and information sciences and support services, even from non-traditional source countries such as China and India.Some groups facing more barriers to skilled occupations (NOC O, A and B) include immigrants with Filipino degrees, and immigrants from China, India and Pakistan who are trained in fields other than engineering and computer sciences, such as social sciences. PSE immigrants with Filipino degrees have a very low unemployment rate of 4.2%, comparable to the rate for immigrants with a Canadian postsecondary degree and much better than those of their Chinese and Indian counterparts. However, during 2005 and 2006, they also had the lowest proportion working in skilled occupations among all main countries of study under analysis (42.1%). Immigrants with their highest education from South Korea had a unique occupational distribution. Nearly one-third of them worked in management jobs (31.9%), much higher than for any other location of study and more than three times higher than the immigrant average (11.4%). This is associated with the much higher self-employment rate among these immigrants.Occupational outcomes by country of highest educational attainment for selected major fields of study
Recent and very recent immigrants who studied engineering, engineering technologies/technicians, and computer and information sciences and support services had better occupational outcomes compared to their counterparts in other fields of study, suggesting that particular fields of study imply better prospects in the Canadian labour market, even for immigrants educated in non-traditional source countries such as China and India.Regardless which major field immigrants had studied in, those with a Canadian postsecondary degree had a better chance to work in an occupation commensurate with their educational level and field, especially when compared to immigrants who completed their education in the main source countries of China, India, the Philippines and Pakistan. The advantage of a Canadian postsecondary degree is more apparent in the fields of business and management, marketing and related support services, social sciences and education.
For immigrants with Chinese postsecondary degrees, those who studied computer and information sciences and support services were most likely to work in skilled occupations (71.9%), followed by engineering (66.4%), health professions and related clinical sciences (61.8%) and social sciences (54.5%). Among these immigrants, the fields of study with the lowest percentages working in skilled occupations were education (47.8%) and business and management, marketing and related support services (48.2%).
For immigrants with Indian degrees, the fields of study of engineering (66.6%), health professions and related clinical sciences (56.9%), computer and information sciences and support services (54.0%) were associated with higher proportions working in skilled occupations.
Among immigrants who studied in Pakistan, those who majored in computer and information sciences and support services had the highest proportion working in skilled occupations among the six most common fields of study. However, this proportion was relatively low when compared to other immigrants who studied in this field.
The proportions in skilled occupations for immigrants with Filipino degrees were relatively lower for all six common fields of study. For this group of immigrants, the two fields of study with the highest percentages in skilled occupations were health professions and related clinical sciences (51.4%) and engineering (50.5%). In contrast, for this group, the percentage for those who studied in computer and information sciences and support services was 43.4%, while the percentages in skilled jobs for all other three fields of study were between 31.6% and 36.6%.
The percentages of immigrants with Romanian degrees working in skilled occupations in all six fields of study were relatively high compared to those who held degrees from other locations. Computer and information sciences and support services ranked as the top field of study for these immigrants, with 85.8% working in skilled occupations, followed by engineering (77.4%) and education (74.6%). Five in 10 immigrants with Romanian degrees in business, management, marketing and related support services worked in skilled occupations (51.8%), the lowest percentage among all six major fields of study. However, this relatively lower percentage for Romanian degree holders was on par with the highest percentage working in skilled occupations for immigrants with Filipino degrees.
Immigrants who studied in Russia were also relatively successful in obtaining skilled occupations, although in most fields of study they lagged behind their counterparts with Romanian degrees.
In a later investigation, part three of this project, we will use multivariate analyses to separate out independent effects of country of study and field of study on occupational outcomes and earnings, controlling for socio-demographic factors ( such as English and French language ability, city of residence, and visible minority status.
Statistical portrait of English-speaking immigrants in Quebec
Lorna Jantzen in collaboration with Fernando Mata
February 2012
This report provides a statistical portrait of immigrants in Quebec whose First Official Language Spoken (FOLS) is English. The portrait applies 2006 Census data results to a comparison of the demographic and socio-economic outcomes of immigrants in the two English-speaking FOLS categories (English FOLS and English-French FOLS) with the French-speaking category (French FOLS) within the Province of Quebec and in Quebec Economic Regions (ERs).
The views and opinions expressed in this document are those of the author(s) alone and do not necessarily reflect those of Citizenship and Immigration Canada or the Government of Canada. The authors would like to recognize the important contribution of Mike Musca (Canadian Heritage) who ran the detailed Census tables sourced in this paper. The authors take responsibility for the results produced in this paper and any mistakes are theirs alone.
This research was a collaboration between Citizenship and Immigration Canada and Canadian Heritage and was funded by the Quebec Regional Office, Citizenship and Immigration Canada.
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Statistical portrait of English-speaking immigrants in Quebec
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Mental health and well-being of recent immigrants in Canada: Evidence from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada
Anne-Marie Robert, Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada
Tara Gilkinson, Citizenship and Immigration Canada
November 2012
According to the 2006 Census, the proportion of foreign-born population is at the highest level it has been in 75 years. Therefore, the well-being of recent immigrants has powerful consequences for our current and future success as a nation. The process of immigration and settlement is inherently stressful, and the well-being of recent immigrants is of particular concern, primarily when migration is combined with additional risk factors such as unemployment and language barriers.
There is limited Canadian research on the mental health of recent immigrants, more specifically on the disparities among immigrant sub-groups. This paper addresses these gaps using data from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada. It examines different aspects related to mental health, including prevalence of emotional problems and stress levels. Potential factors that may be associated with mental health outcomes, including socio-economic variables, are also explored.
Findings from this paper support the importance of mental health service provision to immigrants, which was recently one of the main focuses of the first ever mental health strategy for Canada, prepared by the Mental Health Commission of Canada. The Commission presented five recommendations targeted at improving immigrant and refugee mental health which are discussed within this paper.
The views expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Department of Citizenship and Immigration Canada or the Government of Canada.
Copies of the full report are available upon request to Research-Recherche@cic.gc.ca.
Research on the mental health and well-being of recent immigrants, and on the mental health disparities among immigrant sub-groups (e.g., refugees, family class and economic class immigrants), is limited. Existing studies suggest that recent immigrants experience better mental health than other groups, but it is unclear whether this health advantage persists over time; using data from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (LSIC), this paper addresses these gaps.
This paper examines the different aspects related to mental health and well-being during the initial four years after landing, including prevalence of emotional problems, emotional help received, stress levels and main sources of stress. Potential factors that may be associated with the incidence of emotional problems and stress, including socio-demographic, socio-economic, social networking variables, health utilization effects and psycho-social variables are also explored through logistic regression.
Results from analysis of the LSIC data show that, overall, about 29% of immigrants reported having emotional problems and 16% reported high levels of stress at wave 3.
Descriptive and regression results suggest that females were more likely to report experiencing emotional problems.
Results also suggest that immigration category is associated with the prevalence of emotional problems and stress. Refugees were significantly more likely to report experiencing emotional problems and high levels of stress compared to family class immigrants.
Region of origin was found to be associated with the prevalence of emotional problems. Immigrants from South and Central America were more likely to report experiencing emotional problems, whereas immigrants from North America, United Kingdom and Western Europe were less likely to report experiencing emotional problems, compared to those from Asia and Pacific. As for high levels of stress, immigrants from North America and all Europe were less likely to rate most days as very or extremely stressful than immigrants from Asia and Pacific.
Recent immigrants in the lowest income quartile were significantly more likely to report experiencing high levels of stress and emotional problems compared to those in the highest income quartile.
Finally, evidence from the LSIC suggests that recent immigrant perceptions of the settlement process were related to emotional problems. Immigrants who were ‘neither satisfied or dissatisfied’ or ‘dissatisfied’ with the settlement process were more likely to report experiencing emotional problems than those who were satisfied.
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